Solanum lycopersicum
Previously known as:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Lycopersicon lycopersicum
- Phonetic Spelling
- so-LAY-num ly-koh-PER-see-kum
- This plant has medium severity poison characteristics.
- See below
- Description
-
Tomatoes are a garden favorite and the most popular homegrown vegetable. The fruits come in various colors from yellow to red to purple and size small to large. Tomatoes are grown as an annual, but in frost-free climates, they are perennials. The plants can grow 3 to 10 feet tall and 1 to 4 feet wide. The plant usually has glandular hairs that are very "sticky." While the portion eaten is botanically a fruit, tomatoes are considered a vegetable due to their savory flavor. All green parts of the tomato plant are poisonous. They are in the Solanaceae or nightshade family which includes potatoes, eggplants, and peppers.
Tomatoes are native to Peru, but they have spread worldwide after the Spanish colonization. China is the largest tomato-producing country, followed by the United States, Turkey, India, and Italy.
The genus name, Solanum, is the Latin word, solamen, which means "comforting or soothing." The species name, lycopersicum, means "wolf peach." Tomatoes were called "wolf peaches" when they came to Europe. This originated from a German legend that witches and sorcerers used the fruits in potions to turn themselves into werewolves. The word "tomato" originates from the Spanish word tomate. The French call the tomato. the pomme d'amour or 'Love Apple," because they believed it was an aphrodisiac.
Tomatoes need fertile well-drained garden soil, full sun, warmth, and moderate water. They prefer moist, loamy, and slightly acidic soil with a pH of 5.8 to 6.8. Keep the soil consistently watered to avoid blossom end rot and splitting fruit. While they need decent nutrition, too much fertilizer, especially nitrogen, can lead to extensive leafy growth with little fruit production. They also prefer temperatures between 70 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. The use of cages or staking the plants will keep the stems from breaking or drooping from the weight of the tomatoes. The plants are reproduced by seeds and are best planted 2 to 3 feet apart and 1/4 inch deep. Harvesting of fruits may occur 2 to 3 months after planting the seeds or up to 4 to 5 months depending on the variety.
The stems and the leaves of the tomato plant are densely hairy. The green leaves are 4 to 10 inches long with 5 to 9 leaflets and each leaflet is 3 inches long with serrated margins. The flowers are less than 1 inch in diameter, yellow, and have 5 lobes. They appear in clusters of 3 to 12 blooms. The tomato is the fruit and is classified as a berry. The average tomato weighs about 4 ounces.
The leaves, stems, and green unripe fruits contain small amounts of toxin alkaloids known as tomatine and solanine. The tomato plants are toxic to dogs if a significant amount of the fruits or foliage are eaten.
There are thousands of varieties and cultivars of tomatoes. They are commonly classified as determinate or indeterminate.
- Determinate: bush-type, bears a full crop of fruit all at once, grows to a specific height, and is good for container planting
- Indeterminate: vine-like, never top off, and continue producing fruits until frost
Planting: Tomatoes can be started by seed indoors 5-6 weeks before planting or bought as transplants. Plant outdoors after the risk of frost has passed, water plants well before transplanting, and choose a location where other nightshade-family plants have not been grown within the past 3-4 years. Plant as early as possible as North Carolina's hot summers can cause blossoms to drop before setting fruit. Larger fruits like beefsteak tomatoes are harder to produce in NC for this reason. Space plants 18-24 in apart. Tomatoes will grow extra roots on portions of the stem that are under the soil; remove the lower set of leaves and bury the lower portion of the stem 2-3 in below the ground to increase root growth and plant vigor. Tomatoes can also be grown in containers at a minimum of 5 gals and 1-2 ft deep, one plant per pot.
Tomatoes can be a lot of work, but the taste of a fresh tomato is hard to beat. To get started, you may want to consider a container, patio plants, or a small vegetable garden in your backyard. Tomatoes can be eaten fresh or frozen and canned for future use for making sauces, soups, or salsas.
Quick ID Hints:
- erect or ascending with light to dark green tender stems with sticky dense hairs
- alternate, densely hairy green compound leaves, 4 to 10 inches long with 5 to 9 leaflets, each leaflet 3 inches long with serrated margins
- small yellow star-shaped, five-lobed flowers
- the berry fruit is the tomato varying size, shape, and color depending on the variety or cultivar
Insects, Diseases, and Other Plant Problems: Tomatoes are susceptible to many pests including stink bugs, cutworms, tomato hornworms, tobacco hornworms, aphids, cabbage looper, whiteflies, tomato fruit worms, flea beetles, red spider mites, slugs, and Colorado potato beetle.
Diseases include blights, blossom end-rot, Verticillium wilt, Fusarium wilt, Tobacco mosaic virus, and bacterial and viral diseases. Cultivars can vary in their disease resistance. Many hybrids have been developed to improve disease resistance.
Cracking of the tomato fruit can occur due to uneven watering or uneven moisture from weather conditions.
- Profile Video:
- See this plant in the following landscapes:
- Vegetable Garden at Paul J Ciener Botanical Garden No-Till Vegetable Garden Vegetable Garden with Pollinator Plants in Mt. Pleasant Vegetable Garden in Raised Beds in Concord
- Cultivars / Varieties:
-
- 'Amelia'
TSWV resistant variety, bread for south, 8-10 oz fruits, available as transplants to home gardeners - 'Beefmaster'
Beefsteak tomato; adapted to southern heat - 'Better Boy' Plus Hybrid
TSWV, and fusarium wilt resistant, tobacco mosaic virus, and root knot nematodes - 'Big Beef Plus' Hybrid
TSWV, TMV, Fusarium wilt, and nematode resistant. Indeterminate beefsteak tomato; adapted to southern heat - 'Big Boy'
Beefsteak tomato; adapted to southern heat - 'Brandywine'
Soft, juicy, slicing tomato; grows in yellow, red, or black - "Campari'
Small, round, deep red, and juicy - 'Celebrity Plus' Hybrid
TSWV, fusarium wilt, Tobacco Mosaic, root knot nematodes and other diseases resistant. - ‘Cherokee Purple’
Heirloom; grows well in NC's heat and humidity - 'Early Girl'
Reliable hybrid, resistant to fusarium wilt - 'Fletcher'
Developed by NC State; disease-resistant hybrid, adapted for NC conditions - ‘German Johnson’
Heirloom; grows well in NC's heat and humidity - ‘Homestead'
Heirloom; grows well in NC's heat and humidity - 'Juliet'
Cherry tomato; easy to grow - 'Lemon Boy Plus'
TMV, Alternaria, Fusarium, Verticillium Wilt, and nematode resistant. - ‘Marglobe’
Heirloom; grows well in NC's heat and humidity - 'Mountain Fresh'
NC State bred; disease-resistant - 'Mountain Gem'
NC State bred, some TSWV resistance - 'Mountain Honey'
NC State bred; grape tomato; some TSWV resistance - 'Mountain Magic'
NC State bred; disease-resistant - 'Mountain Majesty'
NC State bred; some TSWV resistance - 'Mountain Merit'
NC State bred; some TSWV resistance - 'Mountain Pride'
NC State bred; disease-resistant - 'Mountain Vineyard'
NC State bred; grape tomato; some TSWV resistance - 'Roma'
Plum tomato, slender, firm, used for canning - 'Super Fantastic'
Large, bright red, flavorful, strong disease resistance - ‘Super Sweet 100’
Cherry tomato; easy to grow - ‘Sweet Million’
Cherry tomato; easy to grow - 'Tiny Tim'
Dwarf type, bright red cherry tomatoes, perfect patio plant - 'Yellow Pear'
Teardrop shaped, sweet, yellow, best for salads
- 'Amelia'
- 'Amelia', 'Beefmaster', 'Better Boy' Plus Hybrid, 'Big Beef Plus' Hybrid, 'Big Boy', 'Brandywine', "Campari', 'Celebrity Plus' Hybrid, ‘Cherokee Purple’, 'Early Girl', 'Fletcher', ‘German Johnson’, ‘Homestead', 'Juliet', 'Lemon Boy Plus', ‘Marglobe’, 'Mountain Fresh', 'Mountain Gem', 'Mountain Honey', 'Mountain Magic', 'Mountain Majesty', 'Mountain Merit', 'Mountain Pride', 'Mountain Vineyard', 'Roma', 'Super Fantastic', ‘Super Sweet 100’, ‘Sweet Million’, 'Tiny Tim', 'Yellow Pear'
- Tags:
![Solanum lycopersicum](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/Solanum_lycopersicum_J849gYcqT8Jm.jpg)
![Solanum lycopersicum](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/17-container_tomato__9CmNhFM2uOej.jpeg)
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![Solanum lycopersicum](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/Tomato_-by_Ramesh_NG_25UUbonvAbrx.jpg)
![Solanum lycopersicum 'Pixie'](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/Solanum_lycopersicum_hTVw1Jvd2IQU.jpg)
![Solanum lycopersicum 'Pixie'](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/Solanum_lycopersicum_eQD97htTz89P.jpg)
![Solanum lycopersicum](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/Solanum_lycopersicum_UN9RPHzRwaFN.jpg)
![Solanum lycopersicum](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/Solanum_lycopersicum_YAvbcCp8ExEe.jpg)
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![Solanum lycopersicum](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/Solanum_lycopersicum_Sv731QcHBx0E.jpg)
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![Solanum lycopersicum 'Cronos'](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/Solanum_lycopersicum_glvrajemOH7A.jpg)
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!['Super Fantastic' fruit, Warren County, NC](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/Solanum-lycopersicum_xgK1k27aoUc4.jpg)
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![Solanum lycopersicum](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/Solanum-lycopersicum_uk6Wybm2KC3r.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Solanum_lycopersicum_HbFvVU9jiufd.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/17-container_tomato__LdPNPTaVdwBl.jpeg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/26255798830_065c9315_kGFKsdFov9ze.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Tomato_-by_Ramesh_NG_IbA4Eax107PG.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Solanum_lycopersicum_JWAchmNra42l.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Solanum_lycopersicum_bTP5LgLGncVM.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Solanum_lycopersicum_UAibKU3e2Xix.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Solanum_lycopersicum_tNqeXmFnLVLx.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Solanum_lycopersicum_dsVYxjNIfSRz.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Solanum_lycopersicum_GMmbC8i2EcMk.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Solanum_lycopersicum_h5Am5B1eBXI8.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Solanum_lycopersicum_HNa3WVSH1Dkq.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/from_seeds_to_tomato_rvrad6PuzklN.jpeg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Solanum-lycopersicum_2HUFDr6gg2TS.jpg)
![](https://cdn.statically.io/img/s3.amazonaws.com/eit-planttoolbox-prod/media/images/thumb_sm/Solanum_lycopersicum_PyA1WTeuVVyz.jpg)
- Cultivars / Varieties:
-
- 'Amelia'
TSWV resistant variety, bread for south, 8-10 oz fruits, available as transplants to home gardeners - 'Beefmaster'
Beefsteak tomato; adapted to southern heat - 'Better Boy' Plus Hybrid
TSWV, and fusarium wilt resistant, tobacco mosaic virus, and root knot nematodes - 'Big Beef Plus' Hybrid
TSWV, TMV, Fusarium wilt, and nematode resistant. Indeterminate beefsteak tomato; adapted to southern heat - 'Big Boy'
Beefsteak tomato; adapted to southern heat - 'Brandywine'
Soft, juicy, slicing tomato; grows in yellow, red, or black - "Campari'
Small, round, deep red, and juicy - 'Celebrity Plus' Hybrid
TSWV, fusarium wilt, Tobacco Mosaic, root knot nematodes and other diseases resistant. - ‘Cherokee Purple’
Heirloom; grows well in NC's heat and humidity - 'Early Girl'
Reliable hybrid, resistant to fusarium wilt - 'Fletcher'
Developed by NC State; disease-resistant hybrid, adapted for NC conditions - ‘German Johnson’
Heirloom; grows well in NC's heat and humidity - ‘Homestead'
Heirloom; grows well in NC's heat and humidity - 'Juliet'
Cherry tomato; easy to grow - 'Lemon Boy Plus'
TMV, Alternaria, Fusarium, Verticillium Wilt, and nematode resistant. - ‘Marglobe’
Heirloom; grows well in NC's heat and humidity - 'Mountain Fresh'
NC State bred; disease-resistant - 'Mountain Gem'
NC State bred, some TSWV resistance - 'Mountain Honey'
NC State bred; grape tomato; some TSWV resistance - 'Mountain Magic'
NC State bred; disease-resistant - 'Mountain Majesty'
NC State bred; some TSWV resistance - 'Mountain Merit'
NC State bred; some TSWV resistance - 'Mountain Pride'
NC State bred; disease-resistant - 'Mountain Vineyard'
NC State bred; grape tomato; some TSWV resistance - 'Roma'
Plum tomato, slender, firm, used for canning - 'Super Fantastic'
Large, bright red, flavorful, strong disease resistance - ‘Super Sweet 100’
Cherry tomato; easy to grow - ‘Sweet Million’
Cherry tomato; easy to grow - 'Tiny Tim'
Dwarf type, bright red cherry tomatoes, perfect patio plant - 'Yellow Pear'
Teardrop shaped, sweet, yellow, best for salads
- 'Amelia'
- 'Amelia', 'Beefmaster', 'Better Boy' Plus Hybrid, 'Big Beef Plus' Hybrid, 'Big Boy', 'Brandywine', "Campari', 'Celebrity Plus' Hybrid, ‘Cherokee Purple’, 'Early Girl', 'Fletcher', ‘German Johnson’, ‘Homestead', 'Juliet', 'Lemon Boy Plus', ‘Marglobe’, 'Mountain Fresh', 'Mountain Gem', 'Mountain Honey', 'Mountain Magic', 'Mountain Majesty', 'Mountain Merit', 'Mountain Pride', 'Mountain Vineyard', 'Roma', 'Super Fantastic', ‘Super Sweet 100’, ‘Sweet Million’, 'Tiny Tim', 'Yellow Pear'
- Tags:
-
-
Attributes:
- Genus:
- Solanum
- Species:
- lycopersicum
- Family:
- Solanaceae
- Uses (Ethnobotany):
- The tomato was cultivated by the Inca Indians in 700 A.D. They were introduced to Europe in the 16th century. In the 1500s, many rich people thought the tomato was poisonous. They ate their food on pewter plates. The high acid content in the tomatoes caused the lead from the plates to leech into their food which caused lead poisoning and death. Poor people had wooden plates and suffered no ill effects; therefore, tomatoes were only eaten by the poor until the 1800s. The earliest recipe for ketchup appeared in 1818 and was developed by housewives in Maine. In the late 1800s, the Supreme Court of the United States declared that the tomato was to be legally considered a vegetable instead of fruit. In the early 1900s, the nutritive value of tomatoes was recognized.
- Life Cycle:
- Annual
- Perennial
- Recommended Propagation Strategy:
- Seed
- Country Or Region Of Origin:
- Peru
- Distribution:
- Native: Peru; Introduced: Angola, Austria, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bolivia, Cambodia, Canada, China, Columbia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East European Russia, Ecuador, Fiji, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, New Zealand North, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Puerto Rica, Taiwan, Trinidad-Tobago, Turkey, United States--AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, and WI, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zaire, and Zimbabwe;
- Wildlife Value:
- The plant is pollinated by bees, especially bumblebees.
- Edibility:
- The fruits or berries of the tomato are edible. They may be eaten raw, cooked, dried, or processed. They are a rich source of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, folic acid, and antioxidants. Lycopene is an antioxidant that gives the tomato its rich red color. Many plants will drop fruit when ripe or the fruit will come off easily. Tomatoes will continue to ripen once picked. Store them at room temperature.
- Dimensions:
- Height: 1 ft. 0 in. - 10 ft. 0 in.
- Width: 1 ft. 0 in. - 4 ft. 0 in.
-
-
Whole Plant Traits:
- Plant Type:
- Annual
- Edible
- Herbaceous Perennial
- Poisonous
- Vegetable
- Warm Season Vegetable
- Habit/Form:
- Ascending
- Erect
- Multi-stemmed
- Spreading
- Growth Rate:
- Rapid
- Maintenance:
- High
- Texture:
- Medium
-
-
Cultural Conditions:
- Light:
- Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day)
- Soil Texture:
- Clay
- High Organic Matter
- Loam (Silt)
- Sand
- Soil pH:
- Acid (<6.0)
- Neutral (6.0-8.0)
- Soil Drainage:
- Good Drainage
- Moist
- Available Space To Plant:
- 3 feet-6 feet
- NC Region:
- Coastal
- Mountains
- Piedmont
-
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Fruit:
- Fruit Color:
- Gold/Yellow
- Green
- Orange
- Pink
- Purple/Lavender
- Red/Burgundy
- Variegated
- Fruit Value To Gardener:
- Edible
- Showy
- Display/Harvest Time:
- Fall
- Summer
- Fruit Type:
- Berry
- Fruit Length:
- > 3 inches
- Fruit Width:
- > 3 inches
- Fruit Description:
- The fruits are smooth, shiny, glossy, and are classified as berries. The size, shape, and color will vary depending on the variety or cultivar. The color of the fruits may be red, yellow, orange, green, purple, or pink. The fruits may contain over 100 yellow to light brown seeds.
-
-
Flowers:
- Flower Color:
- Gold/Yellow
- Flower Inflorescence:
- Cyme
- Raceme
- Solitary
- Flower Bloom Time:
- Fall
- Summer
- Flower Shape:
- Star
- Flower Petals:
- 4-5 petals/rays
- Flower Size:
- < 1 inch
- Flower Description:
- The flowers are yellow, star-shaped, five-petaled blooms with recurved petals in clusters of 3 to 12 blooms. Stamens are partially fused to the pistils.
-
-
Leaves:
- Leaf Color:
- Green
- Leaf Feel:
- Velvety
- Leaf Value To Gardener:
- Fragrant
- Leaf Type:
- Compound (Pinnately , Bipinnately, Palmately)
- Simple
- Leaf Arrangement:
- Alternate
- Leaf Shape:
- Cordate
- Cuneate
- Lanceolate
- Ovate
- Leaf Margin:
- Dentate
- Lobed
- Serrate
- Hairs Present:
- Yes
- Leaf Length:
- > 6 inches
- Leaf Width:
- 1-3 inches
- Leaf Description:
- The green leaves are alternate, 4 to 10 inches long with 5 to 9 leaflets and each leaflet is 3 inches long with serrated or toothed margins. The leaf shape is ovate to lanceolate with cordate or cuneate base The surfaces are velvety, densely hairy, and strongly scented.
-
-
Stem:
- Stem Color:
- Green
- Stem Is Aromatic:
- Yes
- Stem Surface:
- Hairy (pubescent)
- Stem Description:
- The stems are tender, light to dark green, sticky, and hairy branches. They may be erect or sprawling.
-
-
Landscape:
- Landscape Location:
- Container
- Landscape Theme:
- Edible Garden
- Pollinator Garden
- Design Feature:
- Small groups
- Attracts:
- Bees
- Pollinators
- Problems:
- Frequent Disease Problems
- Frequent Insect Problems
- Poisonous to Humans
- Problem for Cats
- Problem for Children
- Problem for Dogs
- Problem for Horses
-
-
Poisonous to Humans:
- Poison Severity:
- Medium
- Poison Symptoms:
- Leaves and stems cause headaches, abdominal pain, dilated pupils, vomiting, diarrhea, hypersalivation, severe gastrointestinal upset, circulatory and respiratory depression, and loss of sensation if eaten in large quantities. Additional Toxicology: According to Dr. Anna Dulaney, Clinical Toxicologist and Assistant Director of Education for the Carolinas Poison Center, since their database began in 1997 there has been only one reference to a child having a reaction related to consuming tomato leaves or stems. In that instance, the child made and consumed a "Pie" consisting of cedar wood chips, grass clippings, tomato leaves, and various other items. That child vomited, but due to a large number of ingredients in the mixture, it is impossible to attribute the upset stomach to the consumption of tomato leaves. She noted that in their database, the largest number of tomato leaves consumed at one time was 5 or 6 and that there were no ill effects. (This footnote inserted by Dr. Lucy Bradley, NC State Extension Urban Horticulture Specialist 10/26/2010)
- Poison Toxic Principle:
- Toxic alkaloid tomatine and solanine
- Causes Contact Dermatitis:
- No
- Poison Part:
- Leaves
- Stems